Green Manufacturing Practices (GMP) Framework For Local Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) In Johor, Malaysia: A Review On Enablers And Barriers and Preliminary Findings on Critical Factors

This study focuses mainly on Green Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for local small medium enterprises (SME) in the state of Johor, Malaysia. This review includes the enablers and barriers in GMP from previous studies in local and international contexts. Critical factors that affect GMP were also highlighted. It also points out relationships between enablers and barriers of GMP and measures the strengths and weaknesses of GMP. This paper also reviewed the implementation practices, issues and norms. The reviewed outcome will be a guide to formulate an effective framework for GMP in SME. KeywordGreen manufacturing practices, small and medium enterprises (SME), Enablers and Barriers, Critical factors

al. [13]; Carter et al. [14] mentioned about green purchasing that covered about environmentally-conscious purchasing practices that aim at ensuring that purchased items meet environmental objectives of the firm such as reducing or eliminating hazardous items. Reverse logistics was a process of the return or take-back of a product or packaging, after use, from customers or suppliers for the purpose of reuse, recycling, reclamation of materials from the product or packaging, or a safe refill of products that was found out by T.K. Eltayeb et al. [13]; Carter and Ellram [15]. Last point for enablers was an environmental outcomes which are the actual impacts of green supply chain initiatives on the environmental performance of a firm such as compliance with environmental standards, reductions in air emissions, resource consumption, and consumption of hazardous materials that was stated by T.K. Eltayeb et al. [13]. Knowledge of barriers will enable effective precautions to be taken in implementing GMP. In certain cases total avoidance of the situation may be taken.
For the barriers, author Raja Ariffin Raja Ghazilla et al. [3] was found out organizational, eco-knowledge and business environment. Weak organizational structure to support the GMP lack empowerment to support GMP and improper communication structures to support GMP. For the eco-knowledge, the author was stated lack of GMP knowledge about eco-knowledge and difficulties in obtaining GMP information for potential improvements. Weak market positions for GMP-based products/processes and lack of influences on GMP strategic adaptation competence against changes in SME. K. Govindan et al, [1]; Dornfeld et al, [2]; Wu and Wirkkala [6]; Searcy et al. [6]; Chin et al. [8]; Agan et al, [9] mentioned that the economic urge and crisis pressure SME to adapt GM because GM practices impact the optimal use of resources and energy usage which increase the financial benefits of the firm. Depletion of natural resources and concerns of environmental conservation motivate GM implementation state by K. Govindan et al, [1]; Dornfeld et al, [2]; Wu and Wirkkala [6]. K. Govindan et al, [1]; Dornfeld et al, [2]; Routroy [10]; Tseng et al. [11]; Zhu and Sarkis [12] was mentioned that green innovation due to the paramount importance of green activities, green innovations are emerging in the current practices which force the manufacturers to adopt new sustainable tactics. Unfortunately, there is no real drive for innovation, especially concerning green practices. Green purchasing covered the Environmentally-conscious purchasing practice that aims at ensuring that purchased items meet environmental objectives of the firm such as reducing or eliminating hazardous items stated by T.K. Eltayeb et al. [13]; Carter et al. [14]. Author T.K. Eltayeb et al. [13]; Carter and Ellram [15] mentioned that no proper reverse logistics process of the return or take-back of a product or packaging, after use, from customers or to suppliers for the purpose of reuse, recycling, reclamation of materials from the product or packaging, or safe refill of product. T.K. Eltayeb et al. [13] said that the actual impacts of green supply chain initiatives on environmental performance of a firm such as compliance to environmental standards, reductions in air emissions, resource consumption and consumption of hazardous materials for environmental outcomes. Last point for barriers from previous literature was a society influences which is society with low green attitudes and lack of awareness on green products/processes among that stated by Raja Ariffin Raja Ghazilla et al. [3]. The enablers and barriers were selected according to the relevance in SME. These factors are critical factors discussed in most literature related to GMP.

III. GREEN MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMP) FRAMEWORK
In 2013, Minhaj in his research [16] stated that by identifying the weak areas through the barriers of GMP, a company may use the knowledge to formulate improvement plans for GM implementation [16]. This research was conducted to find the factors that affect green manufacturing practices as well as enablers and barriers that influence the factors and framework to guide the SME to implement GMP. Table 3 shows the critical factors and detailed description for each factor. The authors formulated those critical factors by combining the enabler and barriers that have been set by authors reviewed previously.  [17].
-Involvement in decision-making process for implementing green concepts [18]. -To integrate environmental concerns into policies, plans, programs and projects for economic and social development [18].

Business environment
-Commitment from various business stakeholders -Depletion of natural resources and concerns regarding environment conservation -Finance organization culture, skills and expertise [19], [20] 3 Eco-knowledge -Focus on the commitment and responsibilities of green manufacturing and awareness about reverse logistics [18], [ 1]. -To protect and conserve critical ecological systems and resources such as invaluable natural and man-made heritage which are essential for life support, livelihoods, economic growth, and a broad conception of human well-being [18]. -Availability of comprehensive training and education in GMP

Society
-It mainly focuses on the customer requirement while designing the product [18]. -Knowledge and green attitude of the society [3].

Technology network
-Analyzing technological outcomes to determine its suitability for green manufacture [18]. -Technology innovation [20].
This six of critical factor will be a guide to build the framework of GMP for SME. The researcher intends to conduct a research about GMP in SME in the state of Johor. The research will focus on the selected factors presented above. The outcome will provide a guide for the practices in the form of a framework. This framework will be user-friendly, simple and practical.
IV. CONCLUSION The paper has identified enablers and barriers of GMP implementation by reviewing the current literature. The tabulation of the factors leading to derivation of critical factors contains the key factors which are important for the formulation of the framework. A set of questionnaire and survey will build from the six critical factors and will contribute to the SME. The SME that will be studied are located in the state of Johor. The framework will determine the best practices that should be adopted to implement a successful GMP.